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Télécommunication Industrie
The Practical Guide to Surface Science (2026)

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This is a practical guide to Surface Science for researchers working in the Telecommunications Industry.

Dans ce tout nouveau guide, vous apprendrez tout sur :

  • Crucial surface science principles
  • The significance of surface science measurements for the Telecommunications industry
  • Normes et directives ASTM applicables

Plongeons dans le vif du sujet.

telecom

Executive Summary

What it covers: A practical surface-science playbook for Telecommunications R&D and manufacturing, focused on how to measure and use contact angle, surface tension (including dynamic), surface energy, and sliding angle to improve real telecom components. It connects these measurements to field challenges like wet-weather performance, icing, contamination, and environmental wear.
Key insights: Real telecom surfaces often show contact angle hysteresis, so advancing/receding (dynamic) angles give a more complete and repeatable view than a single static value, especially for adhesion, cleanliness, roughness, and homogeneity. Method choice matters: Young–Laplace typically yields more consistent results but assumes an axisymmetric drop, while polynomial fitting can handle non-axisymmetric drops but is more sensitive to local imperfections; dynamic surface tension is essential when interfaces change quickly (droplet/bubble formation, foams, drying/coating processes).
Business value: Measurement-driven coating and material optimization can reduce rain-related signal attenuation and limit ice/snow adhesion on antennas and dishes (via high contact angle and low sliding angle), improving uptime and performance in harsh climates. Surface-property targets also support more water-resistant cable insulation (reducing water ingress risk) and easier-to-clean outdoor cabinets (less soil/mud adhesion), cutting maintenance burden and reliability failures.
Standards to follow: Use the Conformal Coating Readiness Guideline (≥38 dyn/cm, i.e., ≥38 mN/m) as a repeatable pre-coating QC gate by standardizing fixed-time contact angle and/or computed surface free energy (SFE) measurements taken immediately before coating within a defined timing window. Follow the reporting discipline in the guide (defined PCB zones and sampling map, probe liquids, drop volume, capture timestamp, replicate statistics like median + IQR, SFE method if used, and a clear pass/fail disposition), and validate the threshold against your specific board materials, cleaning/plasma steps, and coating chemistry.
Bottom line: In telecom hardware, surface measurements aren’t academic—they’re practical controls that translate into better wetting/adhesion, better environmental protection, and more reliable performance in rain, humidity, ice, and dirt. A disciplined, documented measurement SOP—especially for pre-coating readiness—turns wettability, SFE, surface tension, and sliding angle into actionable quality and durability gains.

Chapitre 1 : Introduction

In today’s world, telecommunications system can be characterized by voice, data, and video networks. This sector is continuously enabling global connectivity, facilitating information exchange, and driving economic growth. Extending the life of crucial components like outdoor antennas and safeguarding cables from environmental damage are some major challenges faced by this sector. And in this regard surface properties, which plays crucial role in the interaction between different materials and their surroundings, becomes very important.

We use the following surface properties to understand the behavior of Telecommunications products and improve their quality.

Chapitre 2 : Mesure de l’angle de contact

L’angle de contact quantifie la mouillabilité d’une surface en représentant l’angle entre la surface d’un liquide et une surface solide.
Recherche Dropletlab

Sample Image taken from Droplet Lab Tensiometer.

Young – Méthode Laplace

Méthode polynomiale

Angle de contact dynamique

Ideally, when we place a drop on a solid surface, a unique angle exists between the liquid and the solid surface. We can calculate the value of this ideal contact angle (the so-called Young’s contact angle) using Young’s equation. In practice, due to surface geometry, roughness, heterogeneity, contamination, and deformation, the contact angle value on a surface is not necessarily a single consistent value but rather falls within a range. The upper and lower limits of this range are known as the advancing and receding contact angles, respectively. The values of advancing and receding contact angles for a solid surface are highly sensitive to many parameters, such as temperature, humidity, homogeneity, and minor contamination of the surface and liquid. For example, the advancing and receding contact angles of a surface can differ at different locations.

Angle de contact dynamique par rapport à l’angle de contact statique

Les surfaces et les revêtements pratiques présentent naturellement une hystérésis d’angle de contact, indiquant une gamme de valeurs d’équilibre. Lorsque nous mesurons les angles de contact statiques, nous obtenons une seule valeur dans cette plage. S’appuyer uniquement sur des mesures statiques pose des problèmes, tels qu’une mauvaise répétabilité et une évaluation incomplète de la surface en ce qui concerne l’adhérence, la propreté, la rugosité et l’homogénéité.

In practical applications, we need to understand how easily a liquid spreads (advancing angle) and how easily it is removed (receding angle), such as in painting and cleaning. Measuring advancing and receding angles offers a holistic view of liquid-solid interaction, unlike static measurements, which yield an arbitrary value within the range.

Ces informations sont cruciales pour les surfaces du monde réel avec des variations, une rugosité et une dynamique, aidant des industries telles que les cosmétiques, la science des matériaux et la biotechnologie à concevoir des surfaces efficaces et à optimiser les processus.

Découvrez comment la mesure de l’angle de contact est effectuée sur notre tensiomètre

Pour une compréhension plus complète de la mesure de l’angle de contact, lisez notre mesure de l’angle de contact : le guide définitif

Open Benchmark Data: Contact Angle & Surface Energy

These reference measurements show how deionized water wets four standard substrates measured with the Droplet Lab Dropometer. Use them as visual and numerical benchmarks when you're checking your own sample preparation, treatments, and chemistry.

Full contact angle and surface energy datasets (including additional liquids and statistics) are available on our dataset hub.

Glass - DI Water
Glass - DI Water
Nylon - DI Water
Nylon - DI Water
PMMA - DI Water
PMMA - DI Water
Teflon - DI Water
Teflon - DI Water

The droplet images above are taken from the same benchmark series as our open dataset. For each substrate and probe liquid we report:

● Advancing and receding contact angles (and hysteresis)
● Derived surface energy (SFE) values based on multi-liquid measurements
● Measurement conditions, uncertainties, and sample preparation details

Comparing your own droplet shapes and angles against these references is a fast way to spot contamination, treatment drift, or unexpected changes in wettability.

Chapitre 3 : Mesure de la tension superficielle

Cette propriété mesure la force qui agit à la surface d’un liquide, dans le but de minimiser sa surface.

Mesure de la tension superficielle

Sample Image taken from Droplet Lab Tensiometer

Tension superficielle dynamique

La tension superficielle dynamique diffère de la tension superficielle statique, qui fait référence à l’énergie de surface par unité de surface (ou à la force agissant par unité de longueur le long du bord d’une surface liquide).

La tension superficielle statique caractérise l’état d’équilibre de l’interface liquide, tandis que la tension superficielle dynamique tient compte de la cinétique des changements à l’interface. Ces changements peuvent impliquer la présence de tensioactifs, d’additifs ou de variations de température, de pression et de composition à l’interface.

Quand utiliser la mesure dynamique de la tension superficielle

Dynamic surface tension is essential for processes that involve rapid changes at the liquid-gas or liquid-liquid interface, such as droplet and bubble formation, coalescence (change in surface area), the behavior of foams, and the drying of paints (change in composition, e.g., evaporation of solvent). It is measured by analyzing the shape of a hanging droplet over time.

La tension superficielle dynamique s’applique à diverses industries, notamment les cosmétiques, les revêtements, les produits pharmaceutiques, la peinture, l’alimentation et les boissons, ainsi que les processus industriels, où la compréhension et le contrôle du comportement des interfaces liquides sont essentiels pour la qualité du produit et l’efficacité des processus.

Apprenez comment la mesure de la tension superficielle est effectuée sur notre tensiomètre

Pour une compréhension plus complète de la mesure de l’énergie de surface, lisez notre mesure de la tension superficielle : le guide définitif

Chapitre 4 : Mesure de l’énergie de surface

L’énergie de surface fait référence à l’énergie nécessaire pour créer une unité de surface d’une nouvelle surface.
231

Sample Image taken from Droplet Lab Tensiometer

Découvrez comment la mesure de l’énergie de surface est effectuée sur notre tensiomètre

Pour une compréhension plus complète de la mesure de l’énergie de surface, lisez notre mesure de l’énergie de surface : le guide définitif

For benchmark contact angle and surface energy values on glass, nylon, PMMA, and Teflon, see the Open Benchmark Data panel above or visit our Dataset Hub for full CSV downloads.

Chapitre 5 : Mesure de l’angle de glissement

L’angle de glissement mesure l’angle auquel un film liquide glisse sur une surface solide. Il est couramment utilisé pour évaluer la résistance au glissement d’une surface.

Angle de glissement 1

Sample Image taken from Droplet Lab Tensiometer

Apprenez comment la mesure de l’angle de glissement est effectuée sur notre tensiomètre

Pour une compréhension plus complète de la mesure de l’angle de glissement, lisez notre Mesure de l’angle de glissement : le guide définitif

Chapitre 6 : Applications dans le monde réel

Within the Telecommunications industry, several case studies exemplify the advantages of conducting surface property measurements.

Optimisation des performances de l’antenne à l’aide de revêtements de surface optimisés

Défi: Les entreprises de télécommunications sont confrontées à des défis d’atténuation du signal lors de fortes pluies (fondu dû à la pluie) et à des perturbations dues à l’accumulation de glace et de neige sur les infrastructures telles que les antennes et les antennes paraboliques. Ces problèmes peuvent avoir un impact considérable sur la fiabilité de la transmission du signal.

Solution: L’entreprise visait à améliorer les performances des antennes 5G dans des conditions pluvieuses en développant des revêtements superhydrophobes. Grâce à des expériences rigoureuses avec différents revêtements, ils ont optimisé les angles de contact pour concevoir des surfaces à haute résistance à l’eau. Cette innovation a considérablement réduit l’atténuation de la pluie en empêchant les gouttelettes d’eau d’interférer avec la transmission du signal. En conséquence, les antennes maintenaient des signaux puissants même en cas de fortes pluies.

De plus, dans les régions froides sujettes à l’accumulation de glace et de neige sur les antennes paraboliques, l’entreprise a effectué des tests pour identifier les matériaux superhydrophobes avec de grands angles de contact et de faibles angles de glissement. Ces matériaux minimisaient efficacement l’adhérence de la glace, assurant ainsi une réception ininterrompue du signal. En réduisant l’accumulation de glace sur les paraboles, ils ont amélioré la fiabilité de fonctionnement et maintenu une transmission constante du signal dans des conditions météorologiques extrêmes.

Optimisation des performances de l’antenne à l’aide de revêtements de surface optimisés

Improving Cable Insulation in Humid Environments

Défi : Water ingress into cables affects signal transmission.

Solution : Optimizing the surface tension values can prevent water ingress into cables. Lowering surface tension enhances the water-repellent properties of cable insulation. A telecommunications cable manufacturer develops cables with insulation materials specially designed with low surface tension. This kind of modification will improve water resistance which will reduce the risk of signal degradation in humid environments and ensure the long-term reliability of the communication infrastructure.

Improving Cable Insulation in Humid Environments

Preventing Soil Adhesion on Telecom Infrastructure by Optimizing Sliding Angle

Défi: Telecom infrastructure, particularly ground-based equipment cabinets, often face issues with soil and mud adhesion. This accumulation not only affects the aesthetics but also impacts the performance and maintenance of telecom components.

Solution: To prevent soil adhesion on telecom infrastructure, the researchers measure and optimize the sliding angle of equipment cabinet surfaces. By selecting materials or applying coatings that achieve a lower sliding angle, they reduce the tendency of soil and mud to adhere to the surfaces. This innovation facilitates easier cleaning and maintenance of the cabinets, ensuring that telecom equipment remains free from environmental contaminants.

Preventing Soil Adhesion on Telecom Infrastructure by Optimizing Sliding Angle

Nous sommes vos partenaires dans la résolution de votre activité et de votre Défis

Si vous êtes intéressé par la mise en œuvre de ces applications ou de toute autre application, veuillez nous contacter.

Chapitre 7 : Normes et lignes directrices

In an industry where precision reigns supreme, how can Telecommunications manufacturers ensure their products withstand scrutiny? The answer lies in standards and guidelines: the compass that guides them through the complex maze of quality and performance.

Conformal Coating Readiness Guideline — “≥38 dyn/cm” (PCB Cleanliness & Adhesion Readiness)

What it is

An industry readiness guideline that uses minimum surface energy (commonly ≥38 dyn/cm, i.e., ≥38 mN/m) measured immediately before conformal coating to indicate whether PCB surfaces are likely to wet and hold coating. It is best operationalized as a repeatable QC gate using fixed-time contact angle and/or computed surface free energy (SFE) rather than subjective dyne-pen interpretation.

When to use it

Pre-coating QC release (go/no-go gate)

Use right before the conformal coating station (or right after the final clean/plasma step) to prevent pullback/fisheyes/non-wet defects from entering coating.

Cleaning / handling / plasma verification & troubleshooting

Use as a trendable check to confirm washer/plasma stability and to pinpoint drift or localized contamination that causes intermittent coating failures.

In-scope / Out-of-scope

In scope
  • Immediate pre-coating measurement timing (defined maximum window; ideally at the station)
  • Defined PCB zones and structured sampling (e.g., solder mask flats, pads/connectors, selected component bodies/hand-contact regions)
  • Fixed-time wettability metrics (e.g., water contact angle at 1.0 s ± tolerance) and optional two-liquid SFE estimates
  • Replicate statistics and variability reporting (e.g., median + IQR per zone to catch localized residue “hot spots”)
Out of scope
  • Third-party certification or compliance attestation (this is a guideline/QC method, not a certification standard)
  • Direct measurement of coating liquid surface tension (measure separately if needed; this method assesses substrate readiness)
  • Uncontrolled measurements on rough/topographic features (vias, traces, edges) without defined “approved measurement zones”
  • Substitution for coating qualification (does not replace chemistry selection, cure validation, or full reliability testing)

Minimum you must report (checklist)

  • Board/lot ID + process context (e.g., post-clean/post-plasma) and exact timing relative to coating (“measured immediately before coating” or within a defined window)
  • Measurement zones + spot map (where on the PCB) and replicate count per zone (n)
  • Probe liquid(s) (at minimum DI water; if using SFE, identify the second liquid such as diiodomethane)
  • Drop volume and dispense method (single SOP volume, e.g., 8–12 µL)
  • Capture timestamp and tolerance window (e.g., 1.0 s ± 0.2 s) and any environmental controls recorded (if applicable)
  • Per-spot results and per-zone summary (contact angle values + median + IQR, or equivalent robust stats)
  • If used: SFE method + outputs (model used; total SFE and, if reported, polar/dispersive components)
  • Decision rule and disposition (Green/Yellow/Red thresholds used, actions taken, and any rejected measurements with reason)

Treat “≥38 dyn/cm” as a starting target that must be validated against your coating chemistry, board materials, and defect outcomes. Dyne level/wetting tension and SFE are related screening concepts but not identical quantities, so lock your SOP to one method and correlate to results.

How to interpret results (guardrails)

  • Timing and method discipline matter more than the headline number: compare only measurements taken at the same timestamp, volume, liquids, and zones, and always measure at a controlled point immediately pre-coating.
  • Pass isn’t just average, it’s uniformity: meeting the threshold on average but showing high IQR / patchiness by zone indicates localized contamination risk that can still cause de-wetting defects.
  • Low-energy / high-angle signals = escalation: if key zones fall below your gate (or angles trend worse), trigger re-clean/plasma/handling containment, then re-test before coating.
  • Optional cross-check for robustness: if coating liquid surface tension is known, confirm it is meaningfully lower than the substrate SFE (often cited ~10 mN/m lower as a heuristic), but rely on your site correlation data for final limits.

Maintenant, c’est à votre tour

We hope this guide showed you how to apply surface science in the Telecommunications industry.

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